Nubia is the region located in southern Egypt along the Nile River to northern Sudan. Most of Nubia is located in Sudan, and 25% of it is located in Egypt.
In ancient times, Nubia Aswan was an independent kingdom. Wadi Al-Khawi, south of the Third Cataract, was an ancient Nile basin about 123 km long to the east of the current Nile course. Since the fourth millennium BC. It was a rich agricultural basin that led to the emergence of Neolithic communities. cemeteries were found embodiment on earth of the social organization of their societies 3000 years BC
It is called the land of gold. The name Nubia is derived from the word (Nub), which in the ancient Egyptian language means gold. It was also famous for its gold mines, which were called Nubia. The word Nub means: a generation of people living in a country named after the same title and located in the southern part of Egypt in another sense, the name is attributed to Nabataeans, the son of the Prophet Ismail. As they ruled the countries of the Nile Valley and Africa, they mixed with the local tribes, and with the passage of time, many of the African tribes that were under the rule of the Nabateans took the same title.
It is observed now that there are dozens of tribes of different ethnicities under the same title, with different tongues and the title remains the same, which is Al-Nubat (Nuba).
The ancient Egyptians called the country of Nubia the country of Kush, which is located from south of Aswan to Khartoum, where the Nubian people live, and where kingdoms were established, whose influence extended over the Nile Valley in Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea in the north.
Nubia dates back to the Stone Age in the prehistoric era. In the Khartoum region, stone traces were found belonging to a Negro race different from any currently existing Negro race. In the Shekhinab area, north of Khartoum, traces dating back to the Neolithic era were found, including pottery and ceramics.
The first Nubians domesticated animals. In the north of Wadi Halfa in the Khor Musa area, traces were found indicating that humans in this period lived by hunting, gathering fruits, and fishing. The desert there was a savannah that was struck by drought in a later period. Where the Nubians practiced agriculture.
A civilization arose 10,000 years ago in the Khor Bahan area, east of the city of Aswan, Egypt (now the desert). Its center was in the areas of Al-Qastal and Wadi Al-Allaqi, where individuals depended in their lives on raising livestock. However, some groups migrated, for unknown reasons, to the south and were stationed in the areas adjacent to the waterfall.
The second is where its members acquired some simple agricultural skills As a result of their exploitation of the mud cliffs and dry seasonal canals left by the flood to grow some simple crops, which contributed to their settlement there and the establishment of rich agricultural communities with a high level of organization in the Qastal area. This is clear from the tradition in the northern areas of the Nuba. It was practiced in burying the dead and the wealth of grave goods, which leads to belief in the existence of powerful kingdoms whose kings wore the white crown and took the famous falcon of Horus as their symbol, long before the kings in Upper Egypt, because the white crown and the emblem of Horus were later taken as a symbol of the Egyptian kingdoms that arose in Egypt later.
Which led to the belief that this tradition originated from the Pharaonic kingdoms of Egypt. But in reality, the Upper Nile Valley had not yet known human entities The ancient Egyptians called Nubia at that time Ta Seti, meaning the land of bows, in reference to their skill in archery. There were border disputes between them that ended with the Nuba occupying the southern parts of Upper Egypt for a period of time.
The transfer of Nubian expertise to Egypt helped stabilize and develop human communities in the north of the valley, which contributed to the establishment of the ancient Egyptian kingdoms later. The most important thing that distinguishes the first cultural group is the distinctive, pink-colored pottery and the vessels decorated with engravings. Some types similar to this pottery were found in various areas from northern Sudan to Omdurman.
This era was also distinguished by its distinctive method of burying the dead, as the deceased was buried in an oval-shaped with the beginnings of the unification of the kingdoms of Upper Egypt into one unified kingdom.
Nubia faced an invincible force in the north that began to threaten its existence and stability. As the influence and prestige of the United Kingdom of Egypt increased, its ambitions headed south towards Nubia, at a time when the first group began to lose its military and economic power, which made it unable to secure its northern borders, which began to gradually shrink towards the south. Signs of weakness and deterioration appeared clear in the effects of this period, which prompted some Scientists believe that there was another group known as the “Second Civilizational Group” that followed the first group and was relatively weaker than it.
Nubia Aswan faced an invincible force in the north that began to threaten its existence and stability. As the influence and prestige of the United Kingdom of Egypt increased, its ambitions headed south towards Nubia, at a time when the first group began to lose its military and economic power, which made it unable to secure its northern borders, which began to gradually shrink towards the south. Signs of weakness and deterioration appeared clear in the effects of this period, which prompted some Scientists believe that there was another group known as the “Second Civilizational Group” that followed the first group and was relatively weaker than it.
When Nubian culture began to change following the entry of new human groups into the Nile Valley, where kings were buried in huge cemeteries with offerings of subjects, horses, donkeys, camels, and other animals. Kingdoms of Nubia Nubia and the Nile Falls between Aswan and Khartoum Two kingdoms arose in the Nubia region during this era.
The Kingdom of the Blememi (according to the Greeks), who were tribes that lived east of the Nile and up to the Red Sea, and the Arabs called them the Badjas, and the Kingdom of the Nobadis, who are the tribes known as Nubia now. The Nobadis controlled most of Egypt and Lower Nubia upon the disintegration of the Roman Empire, but they were expelled from it and were content with controlling Lower Nubia, south of Aswan. The Balemi were distinguished by a type of pottery, and their traces are now found in the Kalabsha region. After the collapse of the Kingdom of Meroe in 300 ADS, the Kingdom of Nobadians rose in 375 ADS near the Sudanese Egyptian border.
The Nobadians continued to worship the ancient Egyptian gods and also used Pharaonic symbols in writing. The Nobadis united with the Blememi to resist the Christian invasion coming from the north. Traces of wealth were found, evidenced by the assets of their temples in Qastal and Ballana, which consisted of jewelry, African swords, crowns, and weapons. The first deity in Nubia was the god Epidemak, who is depicted in their monuments with the head of a lion. The main industry in Meroe was the iron industry, and excavations have shown the furnaces that were used to smelt iron.
